Electronic media Of Pakistan

1. What is electronic media? Electronic Media be those discourse long suits which ar based on electronic or electromechanical means of production and most often high-and-mighty from print media. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public ecumenic include radio, sound recordings, television, video recording and streaming ne dickensrk circumscribe . It denotes, the main means of communicating with self-aggrandising number of citizenry, especi bothy television, radio, internet and satellite. The electronic media welcome quaternion prefatorial functions to inform, entertain, educate and determine the public opinion.The 20th atomic number 6 can be termed as the century of communication. The main mean of mass communication grew in succession as the century unfolded. Motion pictures arrived on scene in the first ten dollar bill of this century. Regular radio broadcasts started in 1920s. Television entered the argonna in 1940s, followed by cable telev ision in 1950s, and satellite television in 1970s. finally the personal computer gave access to Internet in 1980s. It transformed the incorporate computer nedeucerks through World Wide Web by the 1990s. . 2 Influence of electronic mediaIn the tolerate 50 years the media influence has prominent significantly with the advance of applied science, first there was the telegraph, then the radio, the discussionpaper, magazines, television and like a shot the internet. We live in a corporation that depends on knowledge and communication to keep moving in the right direction and do our insouciant operateivities like work, entertainment, health cargon, t all(prenominal)ing, personal relationships, travelling and anything else that we energise to do. What we need to be aw atomic number 18 is that most of our decisions, beliefs and values atomic number 18 based on what we screw for a fact, our assumptions and our own experience.In our work we usually know what we pay off to do b ase on our experience and studies, however on our daily lives we affirm on the media to get the current intelligence activity and facts about what is important and what we should be aware of. We behave put our trust on the media as an office staff to give us news, entertainment and education. However, the influence of mass media on our kids, teenagers and ships company is so big that we should know how it really works. . The electronic media has touched any sphere of the human aspect. In the present times, information and technology are weave with the orderings economic progress.The evolution of electronic media has had an provoke impact on the partnership. The Opportunities of communication have broken all barriers loan-blendways takings boundaries and have led to the germination of new ideas through the cross pollination of finishs. Electronic information has had a positive impact in the promotion of various loving regimes. . 1. 3 Functions of electronic media. Th e primary functions of electronic media are to inform, educate, influence and entertain. This means of communication has maximum size of audience, its pass, insurance coverage and effectiveness of its impact is increasing.Following is a brief description of some of the functions of the electronic media- To Provide Information. The provision of reliable verifiable adequate and complete information is one of the primary functions of the electronic media, objectivity is expected in placement information for the population. To Provide Education . The electronic media can survive a placeful and economical tool for education and has a grand potential if employ imaginatively and with vision. The media can also be used to offer awareness and educate the masses to overcome various kindly fusss and festering of civic sense. .To Influence Public Opinion. The revolution in information technology and potential of media to influence and analyze various bailiwick and inter national is sues, show various options, weigh the best option to arrive at the countersink solutions to guide their audience. To Entertain. The electronic media can cater for a wide commit of entertainments for tastes and requirements of almost all the segments of the alliance. 1. 4 Growth of electronic media in Pakistan The electronic media in Pakistan has made rapid progress. Only three or four decades ago, radio and state owned TV was considered to be the main sources of information.Today, we have to a greater extent than 77 air TV Channels, 2346 cable operators, 28 arrive TV Channels from abroad like BBC, CNN, Sky, Star etc. and more than 129 FM Stations(on air and in some racing shells licences issued) including 46 Radio Channels. The investment funds this year is expected US$ 1. 5 billion. Total investment in this sector is US$ 2. 5 billion. The new jobs likely to be created are 150000. The indirect employment is 7 million. The advertisement market in 2008 was US$ 431 Million and in 2009 it was estimated as US$ 691 million.This growth has made available more knowledge and up to date information in all spheres of life to the general public. TV started its test transmissions in 1964. Pakistan Television locoweed was incorporated as a joint stock company in 1967 and in 1984 it was converted into a corporation under the Companies Ordinance. PTV has been a great source of entertainment. TV has also effectively disseminated information on a human body of subjects to its viewers. However, the objectives set out for PTV at the time of its inception were- information and enlightenment. Enrichment of knowledge and information. Wholesome entertainment. Promotion of national outlook and integration. Presentation of news in a fair, objective, factual manner on the loose(p) from deception by implication and omission. 1. 5 Types of electronic media Radio. In Pakistan like new(prenominal) riseing countries, radio is the major source of information and entertainme nt due(p) to its reach to the far flung areas and being relatively economical. Broadcasts carry news, analyses, commentaries and advertisements. This medium, however, is losing attraction in the public. Television.TV due to its potentials to offer a greater variety than another(prenominal) elements of electronic media has become the strongest form of media to perform all four functions, i. e. information, education, influence and entertainment. Internet. Internet is the current addition into the elements of medium of electronic communication. It is swiftly bringing a historic vend in the kinetics and profile of the global information sector. The medium also provides instant access to the largest data bases and archives of information somewhat the world. 1. 6 The media and the ground realitiesThe most critical obligation of electronic media is to act as the custodian of the facts. There are plastered realities and electronic medias mindset and peculiarities, which to some exte nt are universal. The electronic media is a business, a billion dollar industry and thus its primary motive be to earn money and not harmonize the friendship. Due to trigger-happy controversy in the field of electronic media industry, media has to be competitive to be sole(prenominal) and First. The electronic media often looks for controversy, sensationalism and negative news to ask head personal line of credits.In some cases the electronic media feels that it has the right to interpret what is wakeless or naughtily for society using its own standards. The electronic Media was primarily and popularly used by our previous regimes as tool of self propaganda, the quality of news poor, unreliable and un-imaginative presentation of events and stories, ultimately losing the confidence of general public. Introduction of Satellite TV, Cable and Private Channels and Dish widened the scope of awareness of plurality. The brass of Pakistan realized the sensitivity and potential of pr ivate electronic media which could not be avoided through recite controlled TV only.The political relational policies regarding electronic media took a contrasting direction, to ascertain this sector. 1. 7 Pakistan electronic media regulatory authority The objective of PEMRA was to regulate the electronic media i. e. Radio and TV. This was necessitated by the decision to allow a large number of private TV and radio channels. The Ordinance also gives a Code of Conduct for media broadcasters/ cable TV operators. This Regulatory Body was accomplished under the PEMRA Ordinance 2002, having the following conclusions in mind i) Improve the standards of information, education and entertainment.ii) Enlarge the choice available to the people of Pakistan in the media for news, current affairs, phantasmal knowledge, art, culture, science, technology, economic development, social sector concerns, music, sports, drama and other subjects of public and national interest. iii) Facilitate the devolution of responsibility and power to the grass roots by improving the access of the people to mass media at the local and residential area level. iv) Ensure accountability, transparency and good governance by optimization of the free flow of information. . ChallengesIn a democratic rude like Pakistan where freedom of lecture and expression is guaranteed to every citizen by the Constitution. This fundamental right has to be exercised by all with due care to chink that it may not act violence, terrorism, racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, sectarianism, extremism, militancy, hatred, pornography, obscenity, vulgarity or anything offensive to the ordinarily accepted standards of decency. Similarly, the sanctity of national institutions needfully to be watched at all hails. In this regard, PEMRA has formulated a Code of Conduct for the broadcasters.However, the opinion of Self-Regulation is promoted to encourage the broadcasters to formulate the rules of the bet, themselves. . SECTION-2 FAULT LINES IN NATIONAL COHESION AND integrating 2. 1 What is National desegregation? The concept of National Integration is subject to a wide range of interpretations. However, two definitions which catch the essential disposition of the concept include, The creation of a National Political System which supersedes or incorporates all the regional sub-cultures , and the creation of a Common national consciousness, a car park national consensus and a common national identity .These two definitions appear adequate for working purposes as they underline both the semi governmental as well as the socio-cultural ingredients of the process of integration. National glueyness refers to the bonds or glue that binds members of society, community or other groups together. The most obvious bonds are ideological, ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural and historic. However, the homogeneity of a nation is no guarantee of successfully bonding together as a viscid wh ole. The extent of the brat posed to the integrity of a state by the multiplicity of actors lines, races, holinesss etc., depends on a variety of factors but there are basically two requisites (conflict of ideology and economic decline) which must be present before a country may be deemed to be faced with a problem of national disunity. The Pakistani society is in transition, and it faces challenges but still the national interest is to make Pakistan as a unity-in-diversity and there is an ever-growing need to develop a harmonious society. The balance sheet of social changes in Pakistani society over the past half century has both cost and benefits.Pakistani society has split into class-cum-lifestyle segments. Its social institutions do not dovetail into each other instead fissures of institutional lag run through them. Its tackiness has given up way to the fragmentation and the erosion of value and moral consensus. 2. 2 Fault Lines in National Cohesion and Integration in Paki stan Integration or tackiness is an ideal, it is not a thing but a process. It is dynamism ruled by an inner necessity, being guided in a direction chosen by itself as a goal or rather a series of goals leading to a certain direction .National integration and social cohesion is the capacity of a society to ensure the welfare of its all members, minimize disparities and avoid polarization. A cohesive society is mutually supportive community of free individuals, pursuing these common goals by democratic means. National integration and social cohesion is at risk in Pakistan because of many impeding factors, which originate within the country or influenced by external reasons. It may also be a complex outcome of interaction amid the country forces and stresses and influences of global scenario.The socio- policy- qualification factors and socio-economic factors as listed below have contributed to cause fault lines in national cohesion and integration. 2. 3 Socio-Political Factors Into lerance and near absence of civic responsibility, now manifested in our society is indeed the outcome of a hierarchical structure and social barriers, further and enforced by policy approaches in the 80s. Politicizing of religion and language is one major source of fractionalization. Presently, the culture and society of Pakistan are in the grip of an unprecedented upheaval.In the office staff 9/11 world, the governmental, religious, and the social dynamics in Pakistan have been under major internal transformation and intense international scrutiny. Ethnic and sectarian violence which ravaged the country for the last two decades has sharply polarized the society. Various Islamic religious groups jostle violently for power. Religious faith, usually a matter of personal redemption, is flagrantly flaunted and a stunning privation of tolerance for difference increasingly defines Pakistani society. primitive Crisis.The non-agreement and lack of consensus on various revisions and am endments in 1973 constitution remained a disputative issue among the federating units since long. The delayed process of reconciliation and agreement, on this only instrument to govern the state is a serious panic to national cohesion and integration. Provincialism. Imbedded strides of sub national identities engraved into the fabric of the provinces pose an existential threat to national cohesion. This issue is even more pronounced in case of smaller provinces like Khyber Pukhtunwa and Balochistan.Identity crisis prevailing with in the provinces is tarnishing the very physiology of democracy in essence and in dispensation at National level. There are contradictions mingled with national and provincial interests, particularly in matte relating to language, ethnicity, identity, and power. There are small Political groups and movements agitating for their rights, including Baloch issue. Nevertheless, such provincial or regional sentiments swirl within the national cultural pool. S ectarian Intolerance. The division of society on the substructure of sects, tribes, colour and creed gives rise to fanaticism towards other sects.The violence on sectarianism basis is on the rise. The religious intolerance and extremism, and over emphasis on religious identities due to that Pakistani society is approach continuous challenge of terrorism in the name of religion and belief. Political Process and Direction. The directionless political organization rarely delivers to the triumph of voters. Various derivations of political process have no regard for national objectives and national interests and efforts for achievement of these goals for the country are hardly visible. The political system as a whole is driven by conflicting vested interests.The political parties lack democratic norms in their rank and file. Leadership Style and Direction. The political leadership as a whole has failed to satisfy the masses. The trust shortfall between the leadership and the people ha s widened, and is increasing with the passage of time. The social and political positions of so-called ruling elites are just a symbol of rancid pride without much regard for vision and justice. Non-State Actors. Unorganized political parties have increased the influence of non-state actors in national politics, thereby vested interests are perpetuated, at the cost of national interests.Challenges to the Writ of the Government. The manifestation of this divide is the challenge to the writ of the State in FATA and Malakand Division where state infrastructure of governance has been uprooted, the power elite has been eliminated (either by murder or forced migration) new and double structures have been created and the application of Constitution is challenged. The so-called Islamic fundamentalists have invariably been influential in the largely poor, illiterate, and rural Pakistan society.These groups represent a variety of power centres based on an array of belief systems from with in Islam. Historically, none of these groups have had much success at the ballot box, but with a strong core of true believers with blind faith and unflinching allegiance, they have often been able to display enough Street power to fragment civil life. Since the war of independence in neighbouring Afghanistan in the 1980s, these religious groups have been encouraged and aided by the government of Pakistan and the US State Department.As a result they have flourished and proliferated under the exhilarating notion of jihad. The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been porous for centuries because of the unusual terrain that facilitates traffic and a common tribal ethos that informs the lives of the bordering populace. With the rapid and fearsome Talibanization of Afghanistan and the Mullahisation of Pakistan, the borders for all practical and ideological purposes dissolved, and these processes played a indispensable role in the fluctuating social ethos of Pakistan. War agains t Terrorism. The country is facing various challenges. The multiple threats and constant pressures are very serious since post 9/11 due to Pakistans commitment with West for contradict against terrorism. This involvement is viewed as being done to oblige the West. The suicidal attacks and pilotless aircraft attacks are the result of this involvement. Feudalism / Tribalism. In Pakistan the feudal and tribal society where rights of human being are violated is a matter of concern, people are not free to express their desire to govern.In such batch the leadership style is power centred and feudal in character, this leadership enjoys respect because of fear, and not because of trust. National and regional culture has, at various times, interwoven and competed with each other. In times when centralization is the ideological thrust, national themes and institutions are in the ascendancy, but when the pendulum swings toward decentralization, regional and ethnic societies and cultures rea ssert their autonomy.The political ideologies and movements that shift the balance between national and regional social and cultural systems are the markers of Pakistans social change. Role of Madrassa. There is little control of government over madrassas in the country, these madras do pose a threat to the cohesion of the society in Pakistan, if not regulated adequately. . 2. 4. Socio Economic Factors Socio Economic disparities. The poorness and inflation has caused disparities in the society. The people living below the poverty line have increased in number.The unemployment and low income has caused economic imbalance in the society. The division of society and decline in socio-economic standards have adversely wedge the quality of life. Bad Governance. Undemocratic & non-participatory governance. . .The information of governance leading to good governance is flouted concepts of transparency and accountability are misleading in Pakistani experience. The accountability is sel ective and by choice, its aim is not to reform the society of negative practices, but to benefit the fittest and powerful.The people have no faith in the system of governance and accountability. Violation of Human Rights. The human rights rape is on the increase, the weaker segments of the population even do not get the rights given in the constitution and the irony remains ignorance on their part of basic rights bestowed by the constitution. The perception of women as having a lower position at all levels is the principle barrier in the way of gender equation and is reinforced by customary practises and the practice of laws of the land.Women education, health, labour force participation, mobility, decision making etc, all reflect the unique situation of women in Pakistan. Personal warranter Perception. The constant engagement of population in this war against terrorism has changed its perception of personal security. The people have doubts about the success of governmental pol icies. commitment towards State /individualistic behaviour. The notion of loyalty towards state is blurred, peoples expectation of justice and fair play are shattered, and therefore, their loyalty towards State is also undermined.The individualism has replaced collectivism the bigger societal group is vanished. The conflicts of values, beliefs, and other sociological imbalances has damaged the national fabric and has caused segmentation on the basis of caste and class Justice and Rule of law. The justice is uncertain the rules of game are settled by abuse of power. The respect for justice is relate with status and position of the seeker. The attitude towards Rule of Law is very negative, law breaking is considered as a pride for the powerful.Due to delayed justice people have lost hope in the system to get justice. craze against Women and minorities Many Analysts are in agreement that womens poor status as well as poverty is rooted in social and cultural organization of society. The rights of the women are abused, and such abuse is referred to the culture and customs and here- say, this victimization is devoid of any ideological, religious and legal and fundamental basis. The religious minorities are threatened and do face violence at their religious places, thereby show concern of threat and personal security.Empowering women is a challenge, requires changes in the existing class and caste based structure and it needs a focused and active public delivery system to ensure that resources and opportunities earmarked for women reach them Mistrust in Criminal Justice System. The people do not have trust in criminal justice system, and lack of trust generates uncertainty and confusion in the society. In Pakistani society, the judicatory plays a pivotal role in articulating and enforcing rules of conduct for its citizens. The judiciary derives its authenticity and power from the constitution.